Noam Chomsky's Theory of Universal Grammar and Development of Language Coursework

Noam Chomsky's Theory of Universal Grammar and Development of Language Abilities in Humans - Coursework Example   According to Chomsky, the process of language acquisition is genetically programmed and occurs as a consequence of the complex mental processes in the human brain. Simply stated, individuals possess inherent abilities and capacities, needed to understand the principal rules of grammar and apply them to construct meaningful sentences.Ample evidence supports the Chomskyan thesis. A profound analysis of language typology by Herman (2009) shows that all languages within and beyond the Austronesian group exhibit the same grammatical characteristics and operate the same list of grammatical conventions. These conventions reflect the ways, in which sentences in different languages are constructed (Kay & Fillmore 1999). Crain (2009) uses disjunctions to show, that children have a grammatical view of language different from that of adults, meaning that they develop their language structures, based on the a priori knowledge of grammatical rules. That the changes in language do not prevent c hildren from acquiring and learning it is one of the principal arguments in favor of the UG thesis. However, not all scholars readily agree with this viewpoint.Language diversity refutes a belief in grammatical universality across languages. The absence of certain grammatical categories in different languages further challenges the UG viewpoint. Ultimately, the UG thesis itself is a result of the lack of observational and analytical skills in professional linguists.The current state of literature does not fully support the UG thesis but does not reject it. Objectively, Chomskyan theory exemplifies one of the essential dimensions of scholarly research into English grammar and other languages and creates a foundation for future linguistic research. Even if Chomskyan universal grammar theory seems to neglect the differences between languages and the cultural/ social factors affecting language development, it operates strong arguments supporting the generalization and standardization of grammar patterns across languages. Apparently, future research must concentrate on the investigation of genetic mechanisms and their role in first and second language acquisition by English learners.

Prejudice,Stereotypes and Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Prejudice,Stereotypes and Discrimination Essay Prejudice is an attitude that releases closely to intercultural sensitively. It is more commonly held and expressed by people in ethnocentric stages of the sensitivity model compared to people in the ethnorelatives stages. (Oetzel, 2009). Prejudice is the belief and feeling aspect of an attitude. It can be a pro or con but leads us to judging something based on our preconception. Prejudice is where you think against someone or something for no particular reason, thought or knowledge. It be because race , sex , age , or whatever . An would be like , â€Å" Oh I don’t like her , she’s a lesbian,† or she’s black or white or of any other race. Stereotype are overgeneralized cognitions about a group of people with no attempt to identify within –group variation . Stereotypes often based on learned and widely shared beliefs and another group that reinforce or justify prejudice (Oetzel, 2009) . A stereotype is a set of preconceived beliefs about those who share a trait in common . It is the narrow prejudice view of a particular social group . Such as â€Å"black people know how to dance† and â€Å"women are better at cooking and worst at driving†. They’re sometimes offensive and often unfair. Stereotypes is a view of social group that sticks , even though the social group is full of individuals who may not share any of the traits of the stereotype at all. It’s like â€Å"cheerleaders are bitches† or â€Å"geeks are smart†. Discrimination is action that maintain the dominance of one group of people over another. The power to enact the behavior is a key component to racism and discrimination. That power can be from a held position (being a boss) or social power (being part of a group that has political power). (Oetzel, 2009). Discrimination is where you actively are against someone for no reason , either on the basis of age , race , class or whatever . It’s different from a prejudice because you actually do an action , such as not giving that person a job because of your prejudice , or refusing to give them a room at a hotel. I remember when I was young , I use to live with my Father in a small town in Ohio. It was mainly white community , I had a friend that was white. She had invited me over her house and her Grandma was racist. When I walked in to her home , her grandma said to me â€Å"she can’t have company at all and you need to leave†. The next day I seen my friend , she had apologized to me, and said I don’t know why my grandma acts like that to black people. â€Å" She told her granddaughter not to play with blacks only with white children†, and she only would allow white children to come to her house . She never listened to her she still played with me anyway. I told her it wasn’t her fault that some people are just racist. Later on that week I was in the store with my grandma which is white also , we had seen my friend and her grandma . Her grandma tried to act as if nothing happen and spoke to my grandma and said to me you can come back over and play. I gave an example of prejudice stereotype and discrimination . People also stereotype for many of different reasons such as tattoos, race , religion, age gender and etc. Now days young folks now have a new way to rebel against society and ultimately and more honestly their parents . We began to see masses of young , dim witted teens getting idiotic tattoos just so they can feel like a badass (greengysywolf1 (How Prejudice and Fear). Children not knowing that when they get older that tattoos will affect them getting a job or the way society will look at them because of the tattoos they have on them. Even though it’s not right that’s the way society stereotypes and discriminates people because of their appearance. People get tattoos because they enjoy them , not to mark them as different , not to get jollies of the pain , or not to be the evil spawn of satan himself (greengysywolf1 (How Prejudice and Fear). People also stereotype people that have been in prison. It’s people that have went to prison and have changed their lives around completely . I have a friend that is about â€Å"6 4† and 200 pounds , but seems blessed with a baby face , so no one believes he ever been to prison . He usually waits until he meets someone in person to tell them , even though he knows there is a chance they will refuse to accept it . I’ve seen the look , the change behind the eyes that goes from listening to what the stereotypes say an ex-con is and should be . I found it interesting because he tends to be more truthful and respectful than people who have not done time. Prejudice exist everywhere; with prejudice comes a stereotype or discrimination. Most stereotypes are dealt with minorities , especially in the United States . Basically, It all depends on how a person was raised . Most of Americans assumes that every white person grew up either in the suburbs , or well-to-do apartments in the city. While sometimes that is true ,but some lives in bad areas like farming towns and many other diverse places. Where you raise your family depends on your income and your family situation most of the time. If they have a higher income than yours average American, than they probably live in the most high-class place they can buy. If they are middle class than suburbia is most likely option. If they exist in the lower class , your income is not so great. Then they would probably live in poorly developed neighborhoods , like a trailer park or apartment complex. African Americans continue to face the highest level of discrimination in renting , selling and insuring property, according to the National Fair Housing Alliance . People with disabilities field the second highest number of claims followed by families with children and Hispanics. (surge). The British did an research article in 2009. , with 60 people ranging from 18 to 65 years of age . The tests of implicit attitude used in this study are based on links to real world behaviour, so its likely that those participants with a very strong homophobic attitude would routinely behave in a discriminatory way. The four or five per cent with strong prejudices would find their attitudes often affect their behaviour and the 15 to 20 per cent with mid-range prejudices are probably unaware of their attitude, but their thoughts and feelings towards gay or lesbian people will probably surface when they are emotional, stressed, frustrated or threatened (Society, 2009). I think people should look at themselves before they try and judge others , without getting to know them or speak to them first. Before you judge a book by its cover at lease open a couple of pages and read about it first. Works Cited Oetzel, J. G. (2009). Intercultural Communication (A Layered Approach). New Jersy: Pearson Education Inc. Page, H. (n. d. ). How To Stereotypes Affect My Life. Retrieved 2012, from http://greengypsywolf1. hubpages. com/getwidget. Society, T. B. (2009, Jan 16). Prejudice Study Finds Gay Is The New Black. Medical News Today. Surge, H. D. (n. d. ). CNN Cable News. Retrieved 2012, from http://www. cnn. com/US/9705/21/briefs. pm/housing/index. html.

Aaron’s Last Game :: Personal Narrative Writing

Aaron’s Last Game Play this game like it’s your last. This is a common phrase that athletes hear from their coaches to help inspire them to play hard in a game. In the case of my friend Aaron Halford, a basketball game during his sophomore year of high school was his last. It was a playoff game for the basketball team and there was a great deal of pressure on the players to perform well to move on to the next round. However, this was one game where regardless of the score, our team was going to lose. One of our players dribbled down the court, looked to pass, and took the shot. The ball bounced from rim to rim, back and forth, the crowd waited with anticipation, but no one even registered whether the ball entered the hoop. Aaron laid lifeless on the court. What happened, did I miss something? Was there a foul? No one in the crowd knew what caused Aaron to be lying on the court. A whistle was blown and the coaches ran out onto the court only to find that Aaron wasn’t breathing. Without any hesitation, Aaron’s dad raced down to where his son was laying unresponsively. â€Å"Grab the defibrillator,† yelled out one of the coaches. Another coach immediately began administering mouth to mouth resuscitation on Aaron. The whole gym was completely silent. I sat there in disbelief not knowing what to do. He’s going to be alright, isn’t he? Surely he will. Is there something I should do? I was short of breath and closed my eyes and began to pray, however, my thoughts made no sense. I can remember reciting over and over, â€Å"Please God, don’t let him die. Let him be ok.† Everything happened so quickly. Before I knew it, two minutes had passed and Aaron still wasn’t moving. At this point, the coach performing the CPR pulled out the defibrillator and started shocking Aaron’s chest. Aaron’s body jolted vigorously as his coach stunned him. The only speaking voice in the whole gym was Aaron’s father who was speaking to Aaron saying, â€Å"Come on boy; please wake up. I know you have it in you.† Tears began to swell in my eyes. This can’t be happening. Aaron’s father kneeled down next to his son’s still body and prayed aloud.

Table Setup

TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS, TYPES OF SERVICE, AND TABLE SETTINGS Chapter 2 OBJECTIVES ? Differentiate between many types of establishments ? Identify the characteristics of French service, Russian service, English service, and American service ? Describe the arrangement of service ware for the American breakfast, lunch, and dinner cover ? Explain where food items are placed in the American cover as they are served ? Define banquet service, family-style service, buffets, salad bars, oyster bars, and dessert tables 2 INTRODUCTION ? Every restaurant has a unique identity depending on the amenities offered to guests ? Most types of service originated in the private homes of European nobility †¦ Over the years they have been modified for restaurant use ? Today, each type retains particular distinguishing features †¦ Some restaurants have combined features of two or more serving styles to accommodate their menu, facilities, and mode of operation 3 INTRODUCTION ? The four traditional types of service are †¦ French †¦ Russian †¦ English †¦ American ? The cover refers to the arrangement of china, silverware, napkin, and glassware at each place setting ? Other popular types of service are the banquet, family-style, buffets, salad bars, oyster bars, and dessert tables. 4 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? Many terms are used to describe types of restaurants †¦ Tearoom †¦ Family-style †¦ Upscale †¦ Casual †¦ Theme †¦ Quick-service 5 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? The fact of the matter is that restaurants are subjectively classified by the style of operation †¦ There are no clear characteristics for each type of establishment †¦ Traits of one style of restaurant overlap with traits of another ? Creating a unique identity 6 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS For our purposes here, we could say that types of establishments form somewhat of a continuum †¦ On one end of the continuum would be restaurants with ? ? Minimum service No covers or simple place mats ? ? ? A quick pace Fast foods prepared easily A general informality to the entire operation 7 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS †¦ The other end of the continuum would be the establishments with ? ? ? ? Luxurious surroundings Table linens Silver service ware China and Crystal glassware ? ? ? ? ? Flowers Soft music An unhurried pace Skilled servers Expensive, well-prepared, and well-presented foods and wines TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? Family-style restaurants, diners, and some chain restaurants would be on one end of the continuum ? Trattorias, bistros, and supper clubs in the middle ? Classic gourmet, upscale, and fine-dining restaurants on the other 9 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? No matter which combination of amenities make up the whole, the guest has every right to expect †¦ A smile †¦ That his or her order be correctly taken and delivered †¦ That the check is presented promptly and for the correct amount regardless of the setting ? Good service is still the key to running any successful operation 10 FRENCH SERVICE ? Most elegant of table services ? Formal type of service originated for European nobility †¦ Prolonged and expensive type of service †¦ Used in upscale restaurant, elegant hotel dining rooms, cruise ships, resorts, and casinos ? Food is either cooked or completed tableside †¦ Brought from the kitchen on heavy silver platters †¦ Gueridon (cart) and Rechaud (stove) ? The food is completed by cooking, deboning, filleting, slicing, flambe, and garnishing as necessary †¦ Served to the guests on heated plates 1 FRENCH SERVICE ? Maitre d'hotel is in charge of the dining room ? Captain is in charge of a section to the dining room †¦ Seats the guests, takes guest’s orders and supervises table service ? French table service employs two servers working together †¦ Chef du rang (principle server) ? Receives orders form the captain, serves the drinks, prepares the food ta bleside, and presents the check †¦ Commis du rang (assistant) ? Takes the orders to the kitchen, picks up the food, serves the plates, clears the dishes and stands ready to assist the chef du rang Sommelier brings wine list and serves wine 12 FRENCH SERVICE ? Silverware brought with each course ? Service plate or show plate is part of the cover †¦ Remains until main course and replaced for salad and dessert ? Service is from the right, clearing from the right †¦ Except for bread, butter and salad to the left †¦ Soiled dishes are cleared only when all guests have completed their meal ? Finger bowls are proper after each course ? Wine only 13 FRENCH SERVICE ? Advantages: †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Elegant Attentive Showcases food High check average ? Disadvantages: †¦ Highly trained staff ? High labor costs Investment in carts, platters, china, crystal, and silverware †¦ †¦ Fewer turns of tables Fewer tables in dining room. 14 RUSSIAN SERVICE ? Similar to French service in many respects †¦ Formal with great elegance and showmanship ? Table setting same as French service †¦ Plates for each course set in front of guest ? Differences: †¦ Only one server †¦ Food is fully prepared and attractively arranged on silver platters in the kitchen ? Heated plate placed before each guest from the right side †¦ Clockwise around the table RUSSIAN SERVICE Platters of food are brought to the dining room from the kitchen †¦ Presented to the guest at the table †¦ All foods served from serving dish or platter ? Standing to the left of each guest with the platter in the left hand, the server shows each guest the food †¦ Using a large spoon and fork in the right hand, dishes up the desired portion †¦ Continues counterclockwise around the table †¦ Remaining food returned to the kitchen RUSSIAN SERVICE ? As with French service †¦ Finger bowls are proper after each course †¦ Soiled dishes are cleared only when all guests have completed their meal Especially useful at elegant banquets RUSSIAN SERVICE ? Advantages †¦ Elegant †¦ Faster and less expensive than French service †¦ No extra space for carts needed ? Disadvantages †¦ Need trained staff †¦ Capital investment in silver platters †¦ Last served from same platter ENGLISH AND FAMILY SERVICE ? Formal family service or host service †¦ Typical of a meal served by servants in a private home ? Foods brought on platters and in serving dishes placed before the host at the head of the table †¦ Host (or one of the servants) carves the meat, if necessary, or dishes up the entree †¦ The hostess (or one of the servants) serves vegetables, salads, desserts and beverages Plates are handed to the server on the left, who serves the guest of honor and all other guests †¦ Sauces and side dishes placed on the table to be passed by the guests ? Place settings similar to American service ENGLISH AND FAMILY SERVICE ? Advantages †¦ Great deal of showmanship †¦ Casual dining †¦ Guests control portions †¦ Less service skill needed ? Disadvantages †¦ Less formal †¦ No presentation †¦ Time consuming †¦ Host and hostess required to do a lot of the work AMERICAN SERVICE Simplest form of table service †¦ Less formal than French, Russian, or English ? Most prevalent style of service in U. S. restaurants ? Utensils set in order of use †¦ Water glass at tip of knife †¦ Wine glass to the right of the water †¦ Dishes and silver ~1† from table edge ? Food dished in the kitchen †¦ Except for salad and bread and butter, most food placed on the dinner plate AMERICAN SERVICE ? Foods served from the left, beverages from the right †¦ Left with left, right with right ? Soiled dishes removed from the right †¦ Do not remove until all are done the course The American breakfast and lunch table setting differs f rom the American dinner setting †¦ Breakfast and lunch require only a limited amount of service ware †¦ Dinner involves courses and service ware AMERICAN SERVICE ? Advantages †¦ Simple and casual or complex and elegant †¦ Portion control †¦ Less service skill needed ? Disadvantages †¦ Less personal †¦ Guests can not choose portion 23 LAYING COVERS FOR TABLE SERVICE ? When laying a table in readiness for service there are a variety of place settings, which have to be laid according to the type of meal and service being offered ? A cover denotes all the necessary cutlery, flatware, crockery, glassware and linen necessary to a lay a certain type of place setting for a specific meal 24 AMERICAN BREAKFAST AND LUNCH COVER ? Includes: †¦ Dinner fork †¦ Dinner knife †¦ Teaspoon †¦ Napkin †¦ B plate †¦ Butter knife (optional) †¦ Water glass 25 AMERICAN BREAKFAST COVER 26 AMERICAN LUNCH COVER 27 AMERICAN DINNER COVER 28 AMERICAN (FORMAL) DINNER COVER 29 BANQUET SERVICE ? Involves serving a meal to a group of people gathered for a special occasion ? The cover is generally set with American settings †¦ Modified to the particular menu French, Russian or buffet service may be utilized at a banquet †¦ The table will be set accordingly ? Before the guest arrives or is seated: †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Water is poured Butter is placed on B plates Baskets of rolls arranged on the tables Cold course may be pre-set 30 BANQUET SERVICE ? Food is put on the plates in the kitchen †¦ Served to the guests in the usual American style ? Or in the French, Russian or buffet style as predetermined ? The head table is served first ? Water and coffee are replenished periodically ? If guest are to remain after dinner, tables should be cleared and tidy at the completion of the meal ? No check is presented 31 BANQUET SERVICE ? Advantages: †¦ Menu and serving time pre-determined †¦ Service routine simple †¦ Few servers ? Disadvantages: †¦ Little personal service †¦ Close quarters ? Makes service difficult 32 FAMILY STYLE SERVICE ? Modification of American service †¦ Informal ? Table is set before the meal begins ? Serving dishes and platters are filled in the kitchen and brought to the table †¦ Serving utensils brought with the food ? Serving dishes are passed around the table and people serve themselves †¦ All-you-can-eat may require refilling of serving containers Dishes are cleared and dessert is served in the same manner ? American cover or modification is used FAMILY STYLE SERVICE ? Advantages: †¦ Fast †¦ Few servers ? Disadvantages: †¦ Little personal service †¦ Attractiveness of serving dishes and platters during course of service 34 BUFFET SERVICE ? Usually used when a large number of people are to be served ? A serving area holds everything needed for the meal and guests go through â€Å"the line† serving themselves †¦ The guest either helps themselves or by chefs behind the buffet line (carving station) ? Someone is needed to restock the serving area as necessary ? Silverware and napkins may be located on the buffet table or a complete cover (American) may be pre-set on the table ? Servers usually serve only beverages and desserts †¦ Duties may include appetizer or soup course BUFFET SERVICE ? Advantages †¦ Attractive food display †¦ Speed †¦ Economics †¦ Less service skill needed ? Disadvantages †¦ Replenishment needed †¦ Unattractive food display †¦ Food safety †¦ Capital investment 36 SALAD BARS, OYSTER BARS, AND DESSERT TABLES ? Salad Bar †¦ Self-service concept Guests prepare their own salads from an attractive array of vegetables, fruits, and accoutrements ? Oyster Bar †¦ †¦ Buffet featuring oysters on the half shell and various accoutrements May include other seafood items ? Dessert Table †¦ Display of tortes, pies, cakes, cream puffs, eclairs, fresh fruit, and soft cheeses ? ? Dessert plates and service ware are at hand on the table Dessert trays or carts 37 SALAD BARS, OYSTER BARS, AND DESSERT TABLES ? Advantages †¦ Attractive food display †¦ Less service skill needed Disadvantages †¦ Replenishment needed †¦ Unattractive food display †¦ Timing 38 CAFETERIA SERVICE ? This service exists normally in industrial canteens, colleges, hospitals or hotel cafeterias ? To facilitate quick service, the menu is fixed and is displayed on large boards †¦ Sometimes food is displayed behind the counter and the guests may indicate their choice to the counter attendant ? Guests select foods ? The food is served pre-plated and the cutlery is handed directly to the guest ? Scramble system limits lines 39 COUNTER SERVICE Tall stools are placed along a counter so that the guest may eat the food at the counter itself †¦ The covers are generally laid out on the counter ? Food is either displayed behind the counter for the guests to choose from, or is listed on a menu card or com mon black board 40 GRILL ROOM SERVICE ? In this form of service various meats are grilled in front of the guest ? The meats may be displayed behind a glass partition or well decorated counter so that the guest can select his exact cut of meat ? The food comes pre-plated 41 BREAKFAST SERVICES There are basically two types of breakfast offered in hotels and restaurants †¦ The Continental Breakfast and the English Breakfast ? The Continental Breakfast originated in Europe †¦ It is a light meal as the Europeans normally have a heavy mid-day meal ? The English breakfast is heavy and is a major meal of the day †¦ A traditional English breakfast runs into six or seven courses 42 BUTLER SERVICE ? Similar to Russian service †¦ Guests serve themselves †¦ Offered from left side for food ? ? Counterclockwise Serving fork and spoon used by guest. BUTLERED SERVICE ? Waiters pass hors d'oeuvres or beverages from trays Similarly to how a butler would wait on guests in a pri vate home. ? Elegant option, especially as guests won't have to wait in line to get a drink, and it will remind them of the options available to them ? Requires slightly more staff than stationary hors d'oeuvres and a bartender 44 COMPROMISE SERVICE ? This is a combination of the very formal Russian and the English ? Part of the food (usually the salad and dessert) is served from the kitchen and part is served at the table with the host or hostess dishing up the main course †¦ There is still the presence of service staff

History of Halloween Essay

Close to $7 billion dollars is what consumers spent on Halloween costumes, candy, and decorations in 2011. When the temperature starts to drop, the leaves turn different colors and the sun sets earlier little by little each day, fall is the perfect season to celebrate Halloween. Millions of children dress up and go to strangers doors begging for candy. Have you ever wondered where this strange and unique tradition originated from? — The three most important points of Halloween can be summed up by looking at its origins, how it came to include jack-o-lanterns and bobbing for apples, and how it is celebrated today with trick-or-treating and haunted houses. Halloween, also known as All Hallows’ Eve, has originated from the ancient Celtic festival known as Samahin (â€Å"sow-in†) derived from the Old Irish Samuin meaning â€Å"summer’s end†. The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom, and northern France, celebrated the end of the harvest season with the festival of Samhain and celebrated the upcoming new Year on November 1. Used by the ancient pagans, Samhain was a time to take stock of supplies and prepare for winter. October 31 was the day the ancient Gaels believed the boundaries overlapped between the worlds of the living and the dead, and the departed souls would come back to life and cause mayhem such as damaged crops and sickness. The Gaels built massive bonfires and summoned the help from gods through animal and possibly human sacrifices to ward of the spirits. It is believed that the fires attracted insects to the area which in turn attracted bats. These are additional features of the history of Halloween. Halloween is also thought to be influenced by the Christian holy days of All Saints’ Day, also known as Hallowmas, and All Souls’ Day falling on November 1 and 2. It was a time for honoring the saints and praying for the deceased who had yet to reach heaven. Traditionally it was believed that the departed souls roamed the earth until All Saints’ Day, and Hallows’ Eve delivered one last chance before moving on to the next world, to gain revenge on their enemies. Christians would  disguise themselves in costumes and masks to avoid being recognized by the wandering souls. Trick or treating is the practice of dressing up in costumes and going door to door begging for candy and resembles the late medieval practice of â€Å"souling† when the poor would proceed door to door on Hallowmas receiving food, or â€Å"soul cakes† which were pastries, and in return would pray for their dead relative’s souls. It was believed at the time the souls of the departed would wait for passage into heaven until enough people prayed for their souls. â€Å"Soul cakes† would be given in exchange for a song, performance, or another sort of â€Å"trick† in some cultures. Eventually, children embraced this practice and were given money, food, and ale. Jack o ‘lanterns are a Halloween staple today, with at least two historical roots. The first is the pagan Celtic people carved turnips and rutabagas to hold hot coal from the bonfire to light their homes and ward off the evil spirits. Another folklore tale gives jack o ‘lanterns their name. An Irish myth portrays a trickster and a drunk known as â€Å"Stingy Jack†, who asked the devil to have a drink with him. Jack persuaded the devil to change himself into a coin so he could pay for his drink, but instead he put the coin in his wallet next to a silver cross, trapping the devil and preventing him to change himself back. Jack said he would free the devil if he did not bother him for another year. The following year Jack tricks the devil into climbing an apple tree for a piece of fruit. He then carved a cross in the bark of the tree preventing the devil from climbing down. In order to get down from the tree, the devil promised Jack he would not seek his soul anymore. Because of his swindling and drunken ways, when Jack died he was not allowed into heaven. He also was not allowed into Hell because the devil kept his word. Taking pity on Jack, the devil gave him an ember to light his way in the dark, putting it into a hollowed out turnip for Jack to carry on his lonely, everlasting roaming’s around the Earth. People from Ireland and Scotland  would make â€Å"Jack o ‘lanterns† during this season to scare away Stingy Jack and other evil spirits wandering about. Over the next several centuries, superstitions about witches and black cats were added to the folklore and legends of Halloween. Cats were thought of as evil, especially black cats, and were killed by the thousands in Medieval times, possibly contributing to the Black Plague, due to the shortage of the rat’s natural enemy, the cat. During this time, the church created the belief that evil witches existed. Apples, which are a seasonal fruit, and the symbol of the Roman goddess Pomona, were thought at the time to retain qualities of knowledge, resurrection, and immorality. Bobbing for apples was thought to predict the future on the night of Samhain. (sow-in) Halloween eventually made its way over the Atlantic in the second half of the nineteenth century when America became flooded with new immigrants. Taking from Irish and English traditions, Americans began to dress up in costumes and go house to house asking for food or money, a practice that ultimately became today’s â€Å"trick-or-treat† tradition. The 20th century saw an emergence of Halloween as a genuinely North American holiday and one that was becoming an advantage for shopkeepers and manufactures. Costuming became popular for Halloween parties for children and adults as well. The first mass-produced Halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in the United States. Halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after supernatural figures such as monsters, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. Over time, the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic prototypes such as ninjas and princesses. Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses. Origins of these paid scare venues are difficult to pinpoint, but it is generally  accepted that they were first commonly used by the Junior Chamber International (Jaycees), who are a non-political youth service organization between the ages of 18 to 40, for fundraising. They include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides, and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. Haunted attractions in the United States bring in an estimate $300-500 million each year, and draw some 400,000 customers. This maturing and growth within the industry has led to more technically-advanced special effects and costuming, comparable with that of Hollywood films. Halloween is currently the second most important party night in North America, and in terms of its retail potential, it is second to Christmas. Personally, Halloween is one of my favorite days of the year. Even as an adult, to dress up and be someone or something else for the night can be fun and exciting. To escape reality into a fantasy-like world where goblins mingle with princesses is definitely a strange site to see, but is well worth the money and time devoted to one of the spookiest nights of the year. So whether you celebrate Halloween or not, you now have an idea of how Halloween originated, how it came to include bobbing for apples and jack-o-lanterns, and how we celebrate it today with haunted houses and trick-or treating. The sources I cited for this information are from: www.cnbc.com www.halloweenhistory.org www.wikipedia.org www.history.com

Betty Botter Tongue Twister to Practice the B Sound

Betty Botter Tongue Twister to Practice the B Sound Tongue twisters are fun words games we use to challenge our pronunciation. As an English learner, you can use tongue twisters to help with pronunciation of certain consonant sounds in combination with a wide variety of vowels. In this tongue twister, Betty Botter, you can work on your bs. Use lots of breath to help you get the plosive b sound strong. Remember that b is voiced  - pronounced using the vocal chords by a strong explosion of air through the lips. Betty Botter Betty Botter had some butter,But, she said, this butters bitter.If I bake this bitter butter,it would make my batter bitter.But a bit of better butterthat would make my batter better. So she bought a bit of butter,better than her bitter butter,and she baked it in her batter,and the batter was not bitter.So twas better Betty Botterbought a bit of better butter. Listen to  Ã‚  Betty Botter  a number of times and then try it for yourself! Improving Your Pronunciation of B Better Botter helps you practice b. The b sound is voiced and is similar to the p sound which is voiceless. The difference between the two sounds is that the b uses the voice. Practice the difference in these sounds with minimal pairs - words that only have a difference between the b and p sound.   bob - popblob - plopbeg - pegpitch - bitchpeck - beck Feel the Sound Difference Place your hand on your throat and say bag and you will feel a vibration for both b and go. Place your hand on your throat and say pop and youll feel no vibration at all. To practice the difference, try the Peter Piper tongue twister below which focuses on the voiceless p.

Health Policy Analysis Essays

Health Policy Analysis Essays Health Policy Analysis Paper Health Policy Analysis Paper The South Australia Women’s Health Policy undermines the role of women in advancing the health issues that affects them. More predominantly, it tackles the issue concerning gender in terms of South Australia’s Health Policy (Government of South Australia. 2005). The Health Policy is constructed as a societal problem that focus on the role of women as health providers. The policy supports the assumption that improving women’s health will improve the community’s health as well. The health issues addressed in the policy differs from ageing, sexual health, mental health, violence, etc. All of which imposed the question on equality of opportunity between men and women. The isolated phenomenons are generalized under the impression of gender inequality. This inequality is seen as a factor that requires immediate action. Women of all ages and status are seen as a part of the vulnerable populations of the community. The policy aims to improve the health and the quality of life of individuals through imposing preventive measures specifically through equipping women with enough knowledge. The policy is in accordance with the National Women’s Health Policy that has been launched in April 1989 (www.womhealth.org.au). The National Policy takes into account the improvement of women’s health and well-being. The National Policy further considers the fact that there is a range of factors that affects health including socio-economic, cultural, biological and environmental factors. The South Australian Women’s Health policy might result to contentions involving the interest of stakeholders such as the government, employers, private insurers and provider organizations (Bomar 2003).Stakeholders has their own interest that primarily involves generating income and minimizing expenses. The increase of â€Å"access† to Health Care Services as indicated by the South Australia Women’s Health policy denotes an increase cost or budget for Health related issues. Another conflict might arise regarding disseminating funds and allocation of resources. The South Australia’s Women Health policy discusses the different needs of women based on their social and economic status. Particularly, the policy intends to increase the services, participation, and employment while eliminating discriminatory practices against indigenous women, abused women, disabled women, women with mental illness and ageing women. This undermines the fact that some women are considered under the policy to be at more risk than the others. Therefore, more funds and attention are needed by the â€Å"at risk† women than the others. Such post-structural understanding of gender and health undermines the need for a change in the societal treatment and view regarding women.

Feldspar Distinctions, Characteristics Identification

Feldspar Distinctions, Characteristics Identification Feldspars are a group of closely related minerals that together are the most abundant mineral in the Earths crust. A thorough knowledge of the feldspars is what separates geologists from the rest of us. How to Tell Feldspar Feldspars are hard minerals, all of them with a hardness of 6 on the Mohs scale. This lies between the hardness of a steel knife (5.5) and the hardness of quartz (7). In fact, feldspar is the standard for hardness 6 in the Mohs scale. Feldspars usually are white or nearly white, though they may be clear or light shades of orange or buff. They usually have a glassy luster. Feldspar is called a rock-forming mineral, very common, and usually makes up a large part of the rock. In sum, any glassy mineral thats slightly softer than quartz is very likely considered a feldspar. The main mineral that might be confused with feldspar is quartz. Besides hardness, the biggest difference is how the two minerals break. Quartz breaks in curvy and irregular shapes (conchoidal fracture). Feldspar, however, breaks readily along flat faces, a property called cleavage. As you turn a piece of rock in the light, quartz glitters and feldspar flashes. Other differences: quartz is usually clear and feldspar is usually cloudy. Quartz appears in crystals more commonly than feldspar, and the six-sided spears of quartz are very different from the generally blocky crystals of feldspar. What Kind of Feldspar? For general purposes, like picking granite for a countertop, it doesnt matter what type of feldspar is in a rock. For geological purposes, feldspars are quite important. For rockhounds without laboratories, its enough to be able to tell the two main types of feldspar, plagioclase (PLADGE-yo-clays) feldspar and alkali feldspar. The one thing about plagioclase thats usually different is that its broken faces- its cleavage planes- almost always have fine parallel lines across them. These striations are signs of crystal twinning. Each plagioclase grain, in reality, is typically a stack of thin crystals, each with its molecules arranged in opposite directions. Plagioclase has a color range from white to dark gray, and its typically translucent. Alkali feldspar (also called potassium feldspar or K-feldspar) has a color range from white to brick-red, and its typically opaque. Many rocks have both feldspars, like granite. Cases like that are helpful for learning to tell the feldspars apart. The differences can be subtle and confusing. Thats because the chemical formulas for the feldspars blend smoothly into each other. Feldspar Formulas and Structure What is common to all the feldspars is the same arrangement of atoms, a framework arrangement, and one basic chemical recipe, a silicate (silicon plus oxygen) recipe. Quartz is another framework silicate, consisting only of oxygen and silicon, but feldspar has various other metals partly replacing the silicon. The basic feldspar recipe is X(Al,Si)4O8, where X stands for Na, K, or Ca. The exact composition of the various feldspar minerals depends on what elements balance the oxygen, which has two bonds to fill (remember H2O?). Silicon makes four chemical bonds with oxygen; that is, its tetravalent. Aluminum makes three bonds (trivalent), calcium makes two (divalent) and sodium and potassium make one (monovalent). So the identity of X depends on how many bonds are needed to make up the total of 16. One Al leaves one bond for Na or K to fill. Two Als leaves two bonds for Ca to fill. So there are two different mixtures that are possible in the feldspars, a sodium-potassium series and a sodium-calcium series. The first is alkali feldspar and the second is plagioclase feldspar. Alkali Feldspar in Detail Alkali feldspar has the formula KAlSi3O8, potassium aluminosilicate. The formula actually is a blend ranging from all sodium (albite) to all potassium (microcline), but albite is also one endpoint in the plagioclase series so we classify it there. This mineral is often called potassium feldspar or K-feldspar because potassium always exceeds sodium in its formula. Potassium feldspar comes in three different crystal structures that depend on the temperature it formed at. Microcline is the stable form below about 400 C. Orthoclase and sanidine are stable above 500 C and 900 C, respectively. Outside the geological community, only dedicated mineral collectors can tell these apart. But a deep green variety of microcline called amazonite stands out in a pretty homogeneous field. The color is from the presence of lead. The high potassium content and high strength of K-feldspar make it the best mineral for potassium-argon dating. Alkali feldspar is a crucial ingredient in glass and pottery glazes. Microcline has a minor use as an abrasive mineral. Plagioclase in Detail Plagioclase ranges in composition from Na[AlSi3O8] to calcium Ca[Al2Si2O8], or sodium to calcium aluminosilicate. Pure Na[AlSi3O8] is albite, and pure Ca[Al2Si2O8] is anorthite. The plagioclase feldspars are named according to the following scheme, where the numbers are the percentage of calcium expressed as anorthite (An): Albite (An 0–10)Oligoclase (An 10–30)Andesine (An 30–50)Labradorite (An 50–70)Bytownite (An 70–90)Anorthite (An 90–100) The geologist distinguishes these under the microscope. One way is to determine the minerals density by putting crushed grains in immersion oils of different densities. (Albites specific gravity is 2.62, anorthites is 2.74, and the others fall in between.) The really precise way is to use thin sections to determine the optical properties along the different crystallographic axes. The amateur has a few clues. An iridescent play of light can result from optical interference inside some feldspars. In labradorite, it often has a dazzling blue hue called labradorescence. If you see that its a sure thing. Bytownite and anorthite are rather rare and unlikely to be seen. An unusual igneous rock consisting of only plagioclase is called anorthosite. A noteworthy occurrence is in New Yorks Adirondack Mountains; another one is the Moon.

Cog week10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cog week10 - Essay Example Furthermore the base rate and a proper way to reduce it mentioned in terms of simple, uninterrupted, intentional time which result in greater skill in understanding and deducing the information we need by assessing the risks and rewards accurately is the right fit considering the decision making error. " Assignment 3 †¢ A brief description of one failure of deductive reasoning that you observed or experienced in the past week or so, similar to those in the "Wason Selection Task" and "Typical Reasoning" experiments.   A recent example that I experienced was that when I was home alone and waiting for the cable repair guy. I was working in the kitchen so when I heard a knock I didn’t bother to look but jumped to the conclusion that it was cable guy. So without thinking I asked him to come in since the knock on the door coincided with my thought process and anticipation regarding the cable guy. So I failed to use valid deductive reasoning as I followed the situation incorre ctly( p then q), so I assumed q then p. Later I realized how wrong I was when I realized I had invited a complete stranger into the house by incorrectly assuming it was the cable guy, an encounter which gave me a start as I momentarily stared at the unknown individual in shock. †¢ Then, in the context of your examples, explain the impediments (e.g., heuristic, bias, etc.) to each process (deductive and inductive), and suggest methods or techniques for improving each process   Heuristic is what basically influenced by reasoning for the incorrect assumption that the knock on the door was the cable guy. In order to improve my thinking process in such incidents and situations it is imperative that I keep a alert mind and recognize fallacies that occur in deductive reasoning. I should evaluate my thinking and consider alternatives which overcome any biases that I might experience and lead me to confidently draw conclusions without really considering them. †¢ A brief descripti on of one failure of inductive reasoning that you observed or experienced in the past week or so, similar to those in the "Wason Selection Task" and "Typical Reasoning" experiments.   An example that I can relate to that of inductive reasoning was when I saw these two dogs fighting over what appeared to be a large bone which was buried not too deep in this pile of things. During this fight another dog came and joined in the fight and the three fought over the bone for a while. When the third dog had joined in through these observations I assumed that he was actually the one that was the owner of the bone and that he had hidden it in the pile of things. However, after a while when I had looked away and turned my attention back towards them I saw that a man way aggressively waving to get rid of these dogs and that I had wrongly induced to be a bone was actually a large packet of meat shaped like a bone. †¢ Then, in the context of your examples, explain the impediments (e.g., he uristic, bias, etc.) to each process (deductive and inductive), and suggest methods or techniques for improving each process   Confirmation bias is the key reasons that lead to my inaccurate assumptions. Turns out I was focusing on all the aspects that seemed to confirm what I had already

Alternate Assessments w9 esol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alternate Assessments w9 esol - Essay Example In this paper, we shall discuss alternative assessments like portfolios and K-W-L charts that are being frequently used and have gained tremendous success in the ESL classrooms. Learner Portfolios are one of the most common alternative assessments that are being used widely in the ESL classrooms nowadays. A portfolio refers to a compilation of a student’s work which can include such items as notes from learner/teachers discussions, learner’s writing samples, reports on books read, learner’s reflection on their development, and statistics from performance based appraisals, and scores of commercial tests. Portfolios are a holistic, student centered and performance based approach of assessment. This method of assessment is tremendously beneficial to all the students especially the ESL students since portfolios focus on students’ strengths rather than their weaknesses. Moreover, it provides room to the ESL students to display more than what they are tested for. In this way, students are encouraged to work more efficiently and display their best work. They provide prospects for students to look upon who they are as learners, writers a nd people. In addition, portfolios enhance the communication between the teacher and the students, the teacher and the parents, and the school administrators as well. However, these portfolios are very time consuming and don’t give quantifying outcomes which only commercially available tests can provide. Moreover, these alternative assessments may not meet eligibility necessities in career training programs, or higher level classes of ESL learners. Therefore, it is important for ESL programs to use a combination of commercial based and performance based assessments to test the language proficiency of ESL learners (Burt &Keenan, 1995). As far as native English speaking students in the classroom are concerned, portfolios are fair to them. All the students, irrespective of

The Effects of Delivering Nitric Oxide Coursework

The Effects of Delivering Nitric Oxide - Coursework Example Over the first week following birth, the body weight decreases to about 6-7 %. This is majorly caused by urination and resorption. The fluid that was a field in the lungs is removed for breastfeeding can take place. After that week, healthy neonates tend to gain about 10-20 grams/per day. Â  It is important to evaluate the effects of delivering nitric oxide by using an oxyhood inside an incubator when helping neonates to breath. From previous studies, nitric oxide mixtures can effectively be delivered via an oxyhood in an open environment. This could be used to deliver an enclosed environment of a neonatal incubator and determine any threats that are present outside the incubator (Hockenberry, Wong, Wilson, & Wong, 2013). Oxyhood delivery of NO mixture is not affected while inside an incubator. In addition, there is on environmental threat posed by delivering NO inside the incubators. Â  The role of the LVNS and RNS in the management and administration of medications is different. LVN is only to provide basic care to the patients that are suffering from intrathecal catheters. Conversely, the RN should apply the Nursing Practice Act that applies to the specific practice setting. The RNS can delegate duties to the LVNS. Â  The three formulas that have to be taken include cow milk-based formulas, therapeutic infant formulas, and soy-based infant formulas.

Analysis of Types of Cell Organelles Coursework

Analysis of Types of Cell Organelles - Coursework Example As they contain water, they are able to make sure that the latter possibility remains in effect. The cell wall is a tough and flexible layer that surrounds many types of cells. It can be found outside of the cell membrane and plays the part of acting like a "pressure vessel," being able to prevent the cell from over-expanding when water enters it. They are found in plants, algae, and fungi - many organisms that need water as a part of their growth. The cell wall also filters what enters and exits the cell. The cell membrane can be found between the cellular machinery inside the cell and the fluid that can be found outside of the cell. The cell membrane is a permeable lipid bilayer that can be found in all cells, in all types of organisms. The cell membrane acts as a type of skin, separating the intracellular components from the environment of the extracellular components. The cell membrane helps to add shape to the cell and aids in the forming of tissue. The nucleus is the DNA provider of eukaryotic cells; in fact, the foremost function of the nucleus is to control gene expression as well as the replication of DNA during cell cycles. The structure of the nucleus allows it to control what it needs to, yet keeps itself away from the rest of the cytoplasm where it sees fit. The nucleus also contains pores that allow free movement of molecules and ions that need to pass through. The structure of the Golgi apparatus, the organelle that helps to process proteins for secretion, contains numerous membrane-bound stacks that are known as cisternae. The purpose of the cisternae is to modify the contents that enter the organelle based on where they would reside within the cell or organism. Each stack of cisternae on the Golgi apparatus contains five functional regions, each one capable of selectively modifying the contents of the organism. The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein translation, the production, and storage of glycogen and steroids, transporting the proteins that are required within the cell, among many other functions. The structure of endoplasmic reticulum is made up of a number of cisternae, allowing the filtering of what goes inside the organelle and what is released.

Community Health Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Community Health Nursing - Essay Example Suicide may result from depression, from a post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar, anxiety, substance use or a borderline personality disorder. Suicide is a preventable public health problem and any person who expresses any kind of suicidal thoughts or intentions needs to be taken very seriously. Other warning signs include sudden withdrawal, hopelessness and excessive sadness, showing dangerous and self-harmful behaviors, change in behavior to think and always talk about death and threatening suicide (Nordentoft, Mortensen, & Pedersen, 2011). Many treatment options can be considered for treating mental disorders depending on the type of condition. Among them includes behavioral therapy a form of psychotherapy for treating psychopathology, cognitive behavioral therapy a psychotherapeutic approach composed of behavioral and cognitive techniques, cognitive therapy to help individuals think more effectively and group therapy a form of psychotherapy. Other treatment options available include use of Electroconvulsive therapy used to treatment major depressions not responding to other treatment options, pharmacological therapy by medication use such as antipsychotics and antidepressants, the use of individual psychotherapy and psychoanalytic treatment option focused on helping the patient become aware of the underlying sources of their pathological condition (Jorm, 2012). Mental health nurses have a role in working with clients in the community to coordinate the range of services that are required in an effort of maximizing the patient’s level of functioning. They work together with the caregivers and family members to offer and support in dealing with the conditions. However, their role varies depending on the setting and areas of specialization. Among some of the common roles they play include caring for patients, assessing and educating patients, medication administration, encouraging patients, provision of therapy, enhancing

Five Forces of Competition Model Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Five Forces of Competition Model - Coursework Example However, because of the quality of products coupled with a large portfolio of product brands, Apple has been able to survive the competition. Thus, because of the competition, Apple Inc.’s position in the industry cannot be challenged due to threat of entry of a new firm given the current trends of acquisitions taking place in the industry (Motorola acquisition by Google) is anything to go by implying new firms with same old or new technology will have to be acquired to survive competition from the already established companies. Finally, the strong bargaining power of buyers and suppliers is proving a challenge to Apple because the company cannot raise prices for its products due to availability of close substitutes (Michael, 2008). However, Apple has embarked on a strategy of developing differentiated high-quality products for its consumers, which seems to be giving the company a competitive edge due to customer loyalty. Ultimately, based on my analysis, I believe the industry is still young and lucrative for Apple Inc. to continue thriving if they keep on pursuing their goals of creating high-quality and pursue t he goal of goal of customized products for

Community Health Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Community Health Nursing - Essay Example Suicide may result from depression, from a post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar, anxiety, substance use or a borderline personality disorder. Suicide is a preventable public health problem and any person who expresses any kind of suicidal thoughts or intentions needs to be taken very seriously. Other warning signs include sudden withdrawal, hopelessness and excessive sadness, showing dangerous and self-harmful behaviors, change in behavior to think and always talk about death and threatening suicide (Nordentoft, Mortensen, & Pedersen, 2011). Many treatment options can be considered for treating mental disorders depending on the type of condition. Among them includes behavioral therapy a form of psychotherapy for treating psychopathology, cognitive behavioral therapy a psychotherapeutic approach composed of behavioral and cognitive techniques, cognitive therapy to help individuals think more effectively and group therapy a form of psychotherapy. Other treatment options available include use of Electroconvulsive therapy used to treatment major depressions not responding to other treatment options, pharmacological therapy by medication use such as antipsychotics and antidepressants, the use of individual psychotherapy and psychoanalytic treatment option focused on helping the patient become aware of the underlying sources of their pathological condition (Jorm, 2012). Mental health nurses have a role in working with clients in the community to coordinate the range of services that are required in an effort of maximizing the patient’s level of functioning. They work together with the caregivers and family members to offer and support in dealing with the conditions. However, their role varies depending on the setting and areas of specialization. Among some of the common roles they play include caring for patients, assessing and educating patients, medication administration, encouraging patients, provision of therapy, enhancing

Research Assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Assignment - Research Paper Example Nevertheless sometime the terms negotiating and bargaining are employed to depict the same process. The primary purpose of collective bargaining is to reach a conclusion of an issue. Some of the major subjects on which collective bargaining takes place are higher pay packages, more leaves, increase in the number of employees for a particular job, to improve the condition of working, demand for additional facilities, rules and regulations pertaining to hiring and firing, promotion of workers, procedures of lodging complaints, safety within the workplace and about the different policies of the organization. Sometime unions also demand for shorter working hours (Beaumont 43). On the other hand collective bargaining agreement can be defined as the agreement in written form between the union and the employer. It reflects the terms and conditions, rights, responsibilities and the privileges of the employers (â€Å"The Collective Bargaining Process†). Such bargaining agreements or th e union contracts last for a period of one to five years. However the most common period is of three years. A collective bargaining mainly follows an eight step approach. The approaches are preparing, arguing, signaling, proposing, packaging, bargaining, closing and agreeing. In the context of United States whenever an agreement is reached by the process of collective bargaining, the conditions of that contract are written down into a legally enforceable bargaining agreement or a union contract. In order to provide a real life example of collective bargaining, authentic electronic sources have been used. It was about the registered nurses of Tufts Medical Center. The nurses were the members of the Massachusetts Nurses Association. They bargained with the management regarding the staffing changes for facilitating better care of the patients, appointment of extra nurses during busy hours (â€Å"Real-Life Examples of Collective Bargaining†). After the negotiations they have been able to ratify the contract in the year 2011. Hence it was a successful collective bargaining. Works Cited Beaumont, Phil B. Safety at Work and the Unions. London: Routledge, 1983. Print. â€Å"The Collective Bargaining Process.† Ilocarib. n.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sep. 2012. . â€Å"Real-Life Examples of Collective Bargaining.† collectivebargainingfacts. AFL-CIO., 2011. Web. 24 Sep. 2012. . Question 2) List and discuss three U.S. laws that support collective bargaining, and three examples of employer unfair labor practices. Also discuss the laws. Solution The three U.S. laws that support collection bargaining between the employee representatives and the employers are the Labor-Management Relations Act, 1947; National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), 1935; and Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, 1959. The three unfair labor practices include sacking a union supporter, discrimination against the employees based on various factors, threatening the employees on taking up union activities. The laws are discussed below:- Labor-Management Relations Act, 1947: - The labor management relations Act of 1947 is also known as Taft-Hartley Act. It was an amendment of NLRA act of 1932. The Princeton university website highlights that the act was passes in the year 1947. The

Water Erosion Rates Essay Example for Free

Water Erosion Rates Essay A natural arch produced by the erosion of differentially weathered rock in Jebel Kharaz, Jordan Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earths surface by natural processes such as wind or water flow, and then transported and deposited in other locations. While erosion is a natural process, human activities have dramatically increased (by 10-40 times) the rate at which erosion is occurring globally. Excessive erosion causes problems such as desertification, decreases in agricultural productivity due to land degradation, sedimentation of waterways, and ecological collapse due to loss of the nutrient rich upper soil layers. Water and wind erosion are now the two primary causes of land degradation; combined, they are responsible for 84% of degraded acreage, making excessive erosion one of the most significant global environmental problems we face today.[1][2] Industrial agriculture, deforestation, roads, anthropogenic climate change and urban sprawl are amongst the most significant human activities in regards to their effect on stimulating erosion.[3] However, there are many available alternative land use practices that can curtail or limit erosion—such as terrace-building, no-till agriculture, and revegetation of denuded soils. Frost weathering From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Frost action) Aly by mechanical frost weathering or thermal stress Frost weathering is a collective term for several mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water into ice. The term serves as an umbrella term for a variety of processes such as frost shattering, frost wedging and cryofracturing. The process may act on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, from minutes to years and from dislodging mineral grains to fracturing boulders. Frost weathering is mainly driven by the frequency and intensity of freeze-thaw cycles and the properties of the materials subject to weathering. It is most pronounced in high altitude and latitude areas and is especially associated with alpine, periglacial, subpolar maritime and polar climates but occurs wherever freeze-thaw cycles are present. * | When water freezes to ice, its volume increases by nine percent. Under specific circumstances, this expansion is able to displace or fracture rock. At a temperature of -22 Â °C, ice growth is known to be able to generate pressures of up to 207MPa, more than enough to fracture any rock.[1][2] For frost weathering to occur by volumetric expansion, the rock must have almost no air that can be compressed to compensate for the expansion of ice, which means it has to be water-saturated and frozen quickly from all sides so that the water does not migrate away and the pressure is exerted on the rock.[1] These conditions are considered unusual,[1] restricting it to a process of importance within a few centimeters of a rocks surface and on larger existing water-filled joints in a process called ice wedging. Not all volumetric expansion is caused by the pressure of the freezing water; it can be caused by stresses in water that remains unfrozen. When ice growth induces stresses in the pore water that breaks the rock, the result is called hydrofracture. Hydrofracturing is favoured by large interconnected pores or large hydraulic gradients in the rock. If there are small pores, a very quick freezing of water in parts of the rock may expel water, and if the water is expelled faster than it can migrate, pressure may rise, fracturing the rock. Since research in physical weathering begun around 1900, volumetric expansion was, until the 1980s, held to be the predominant process behind frost weathering.[3] This view was challenged in 1985 and 1986 publications by Walder and Hallet.[1][3] Nowadays researchers such as Matsuoka and Murton consider the conditions necessary for Biological weathering A number of plants and animals may create chemical weathering through release of acidic compounds, i.e. moss on roofs is classed as weathering. Mineral weathering can also be initiated and/or accelerated by soil microorganisms. Lichens on rocks are thought to increase chemical weathering rates. For example, an experimental study on hornblende granite in New Jersey, USA, demonstrated a 3x 4x increase in weathering rate under lichen covered surfaces compared to recently exposed bare rock surfaces.[7] The most common forms of biological weathering are the release of chelating compounds (i.e. organic acids, siderophores) and of acidifying molecules (i.e. protons, organic acids) by plants so as to break down aluminium and iron containing compounds in the soils beneath them. Decaying remains of dead plants in soil may form organic acids which, when dissolved in water, cause chemical weathering.[citation needed] Extreme release of chelating compounds can easily affect surrounding rocks and soils, and may lead to podsolisation of soils. The symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi associated with tree root systems can release inorganic nutrients from minerals such as apatite or biotite and transfer these nutrients to the trees, thus contributing to tree nutrition.[8] It was also recently evidenced that bacterial communities can impact mineral stability leading to the release of inorganic nutrients.[9] To date a large range of bacterial strains or communities from diverse genera have been reported to be able to colonize mineral surfaces and/or to weather minerals, and for some of them a plant growth promoting effect was demonstrated.[10] The demonstrated or hypothesised mechanisms used by bacteria to weather minerals include several oxidoreduction and dissolution reactions as well as the production of weathering agents, such as protons, organic acids and chelating molecules. Oxidation Within the weathering environment chemical oxidation of a variety of metals occurs. The most commonly observed is the oxidation of Fe2+ (iron) and combination with oxygen and water to form Fe3+ hydroxides and oxides such as goethite, limonite, and hematite. This gives the affected rocks a reddish-brown coloration on the surface which crumbles easily and weakens the rock. This process is better known as rusting, though it is distinct from the rusting of metallic iron. Many other metallic ores and minerals oxidize and hydrate to produce colored deposits, such as chalcopyrites or CuFeS2 oxidizing to copper hydroxide and iron oxides. Dissolution and carbonation A pyrite cube has dissolved away from host rock, leaving gold behind Rainfall is acidic because atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in the rainwater producing weak carbonic acid. In unpolluted environments, the rainfall pH is around 5.6. Acid rain occurs when gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are present in the atmosphere. These oxides react in the rain water to produce stronger acids and can lower the pH to 4.5 or even 3.0. Sulfur dioxide, SO2, comes from volcanic eruptions or from fossil fuels, can become sulfuric acid within rainwater, which can cause solution weathering to the rocks on which it falls. Some minerals, due to their natural solubility (e.g. evaporites), oxidation potential (iron-rich minerals, such as pyrite), or instability relative to surficial conditions (see Goldich dissolution series) will weather through dissolution naturally, even without acidic water. Exfoliation is a type of erosion that occurs when a rock is rapidly heated up by the sun. This results in the expansion of the rock. When the temperature decreases again, the rock contracts, causing pieces of the rock to break off. Exfoliation occurs mainly in deserts due to the high temperatures during the day and cold temperatures at night.[24] Hydration Mineral hydration is a form of chemical weathering that involves the rigid attachment of H+ and OH- ions to the atoms and molecules of a mineral. When rock minerals take up water, the increased volume creates physical stresses within the rock. For example iron oxides are converted to iron hydroxides and the hydration of anhydrite forms gypsum. A freshly broken rock shows differential chemical weathering (probably mostly oxidation) progressing inward. This piece of sandstone was found in glacial drift near Angelica, New York Hydrolysis on silicates and carbonates Hydrolysis is a chemical weathering process affecting silicate and carbonate minerals. In such reactions, pure water ionizes slightly and reacts with silicate minerals. An example reaction: This reaction theoretically results in complete dissolution of the original mineral, if enough water is available to drive the reaction. In reality, pure water rarely acts as a H+ donor. Carbon dioxide, though, dissolves readily in water forming a weak acid and H+ donor. This hydrolysis reaction is much more common. Carbonic acid is consumed by silicate weathering, resulting in more alkaline solutions because of the bicarbonate. This is an important reaction in controlling the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and can affect climate. Aluminosilicates when subjected to the hydrolysis reaction produce a secondary mineral rather than simply releasing cations. Rainfall There are three primary types of erosion that occur as a direct result of rainfall—sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion. Sheet erosion is generally seen as the first and least severe stage in the soil erosion process, which is followed by rill erosion, and finally gully erosion (the most severe of the three).[4][5] The impact of a falling raindrop creates a small crater in the soil, ejecting soil particles. The distance these soil particles travel (on level ground) can be as much as 2 feet vertically, and 5 feet horizontally. Once the rate of rain fall is faster than the rate of infiltration into the soil, surface runoff occurs and carries the loosened soil particles down slope.[6] Rill erosion refers to the development of small, ephemeral concentrated flow paths, which function as both sediment source and sediment delivery systems for erosion on hillslopes. Generally, where water erosion rates on disturbed upland areas are greatest, rills are active. Flow depths in rills are typically on the order of a few centimeters or less and slopes may be quite steep. This means that rills exhibit very different hydraulic physics than water flowing through the deeper, wider channels of streams and rivers.[ Gully erosion occurs when runoff water accumulates, and then rapidly flows in narrow channels during or immediately after heavy rains or melting snow, removing soil to a considerable depth. Factors affecting erosion rates Climatic factors include the amount and intensity of precipitation, the average temperature, as well as the typical temperature range, seasonality, wind speed, and storm frequency. In general, given similar vegetation and ecosystems, areas with high-intensity precipitation, more frequent rainfall, more wind, or more storms are expected to have more erosion.[citation needed] Rainfall intensity is the primary determinant of erosivity, with higher intensity rainfall generally resulting in more erosion. The size and velocity of rain drops is also an important factor. Larger and higher-velocity rain drops have greater kinetic energy, and thus their impact will displace soil particles by larger distances than smaller, slower-moving rain drops.[25] Erosional gully in unconsolidated Dead Sea (Israel) sediments along the southwestern shore. This gully was excavated by floods from the Judean Mountains in less than a year. The composition, moisture, and compaction of soil are all major factors in determining the erosivity of rainfall. Sediments containing more clay tend to be more resistant to erosion than those with sand or silt, because the clay helps bind soil particles together.[26] Soil containing high levels of organic materials are often more resistant to erosion, because the organic materials coagulate soil colloids and create a stronger, more stable soil structure.[27] The amount of water present in the soil before the precipitation also plays an important role, because it sets limits on the amount of water that can be absorbed by the soil (and hence prevented from flowing on the surface as erosive runoff). Wet, saturated soils will not be able to absorb as much rain water, leading to higher levels of surface runoff and thus higher erosivity for a given volume of rainfall.[27][28] Soil compaction also affects the permeability of the soil to water, and hence the amount of water that flows away as runoff. More compacted soils will have a larger amount of surface runoff than less compacted soils.[27] Vegetative cover Vegetation acts as an interface between the atmosphere and the soil. It increases the permeability of the soil to rainwater, thus decreasing runoff. It shelters the soil from winds, which results in decreased wind erosion, as well as advantageous changes in microclimate. The roots of the plants bind the soil together, and interweave with other roots, forming a more solid mass that is less susceptible to both water and wind erosion. The removal of vegetation increases the rate of surface erosion.[29] Topography The topography of the land determines the velocity at which surface runoff will flow, which in turn determines the erosivity of the runoff. Longer, steeper slopes (especially those without adequate vegetative cover) are more susceptible to very high rates of erosion during heavy rains than shorter, less steep slopes. Steeper terrain is also more prone to mudslides, landslides, and other forms of gravitational erosion processes

Hacking :: Hackers Computers Technology Safety Essays

Hacking Contents ~~~~~~~~ This file will be divided into four parts: Part 1: What is Hacking, A Hacker's Code of Ethics, Basic Hacking Safety Part 2: Packet Switching Networks: Telenet- How it Works, How to Use it, Outdials, Network Servers, Private PADs Part 3: Identifying a Computer, How to Hack In, Operating System Defaults Part 4: Conclusion- Final Thoughts, Books to Read, Boards to Call, Acknowledgements Part One: The Basics ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ As long as there have been computers, there have been hackers. In the 50's at the Massachusets Institute of Technology (MIT), students devoted much time and energy to ingenious exploration of the computers. Rules and the law were disregarded in their pursuit for the 'hack'. Just as they were enthralled with their pursuit of information, so are we. The thrill of the hack is not in breaking the law, it's in the pursuit and capture of knowledge. To this end, let me contribute my suggestions for guidelines to follow to ensure that not only you stay out of trouble, but you pursue your craft without damaging the computers you hack into or the companies who own them. I. Do not intentionally damage *any* system. II. Do not alter any system files other than ones needed to ensure your escape from detection and your future access (Trojan Horses, Altering Logs, and the like are all necessary to your survival for as long as possible.) III. Do not leave your (or anyone else's) real name, real handle, or real phone number on any system that you access illegally. They *can* and will track you down from your handle! IV. Be careful who you share information with. Feds are getting trickier. Generally, if you don't know their voice phone number, name, and occupation or haven't spoken with them voice on non-info trading conversations, be wary. V. Do not leave your real phone number to anyone you don't know. This includes logging on boards, no matter how k-rad they seem. If you don't know the sysop, leave a note telling some trustworthy people that will validate you. VI. Do not hack government computers. Yes, there are government systems that are safe to hack, but they are few and far between. And the government has inifitely more time and resources to track you down than a company who has to make a profit and justify expenses. VII. Don't use codes unless there is *NO* way around it (you don't have a local telenet or tymnet outdial and can't connect to anything 800...) You use codes long enough, you will get caught. Period. VIII. Don't be afraid to be paranoid. Remember, you *are* breaking the law.

Critique of The Day After Tomorrow Essay -- Movie Film Review Global W

Critique of The Day After Tomorrow   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie, The Day After Tomorrow, addresses the issue of global warming. The movie?s portrayal of the events caused by global warming was extreme and not very believable. Some of the information is backed up by science but most is completely off the wall and nonrealistic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie cited the cause of the global climate change to be the rise in temperature due to greenhouse gasses. The warmer temperatures caused the polar ice caps to melt, and the increased amount of freshwater in the ocean disrupted the North Atlantic Current. The North Atlantic Current is what is responsible for the warm temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. With the current disrupted the Northern Hemisphere went into an ice age. In real life, the polar ice caps are melting, but at a rate not even close to that of the one represented in the movie. Even if the ice was melting at a quicker rate, the chance that it would throw off the North Atlantic Current is slim to none. Also, there is no way that the ice would melt so quickly that a change that drastic would be made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another major issue I had with the movie was its temperature inconsistencies. In the movie, scientists warned people about going outside. They say that if one was to go outside that they would freeze to death. The movie also showed a wooly mammoth which froze to death immediately at the time of the first ice age. These examples were placed in the movie to highlight the ext...

Common Information Security Threats Essay

The internet is approximately 40 years old and is continuing to grow at a rapid pace. This rapid growth and use of the internet for practically everything you can do in life has also cause a major increase in threats. Cyber-criminals are often breaking into security on many major websites and making the news. Information Security is turning into an important part in protect a business’s information. Amazon.com website went online in 1995 (Byers, 2006). Amazon offers there services and products through the website Amazon.com to many countries around the world, which includes: United States, Canada, France, Spain, Japan, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom, and China (Amazon, 2012). Amazon has been around for approximately 17 years and continuous to be a successful business. One of the reason for this is because Amazon investing time in Information Security. Amazon has a massive amount of information on servers around the globe contain sensitive information, not only information for Amazon but also for Amazon’s customers. Some examples of the information Amazon maintains on the servers they own: product information, warehouse information, call center information, customer service information, service information, customer account information, bank information, cloud computing information, digital media download information, and reviews of customers for product information (Amazon, 2012). There will always be some kind of the potential risks to the information maintained by any business or person because new vulnerabilities are found every day. Just recently, on August 7, 2012, a wired magazine reporter’s information stored on his Google account, Twitter account, MacBook, iPad, and iPhone where erased without the user wanting this done. A hacker that goes by the name of Phobia comprised the reporters Amazon account with a security exploit. The security exploit allowed Phobia to access the reporter’s Amazon account by calling and resetting the passwords over the phone with the reporters co mpromised AppleCare ID and Amazon ID (Kerr, 2012). Amazon responded with the following, â€Å"We have investigated the reported exploit, and can confirm the exploit has been closed as of yesterday afternoon (Kerr, 2012).† Another major breach in security for Amazon occurred on the Zappos.com, which Amazon also owns. 24  million accounts where compromised, which included the following account information: names, shipping addresses, billing addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses (Vilches, 2012). Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh wrote in an email that the hackers gained access to the internal network of Zappos allowing the hacker’s access to the server that was in Kentucky. On October 28, 2011 a researcher uncovered a massive security flaw in the Amazon Cloud service that is provided by Amazon (Hickey, 2011). A team of German researchers found a way that hackers would be able to access user accounts and data. The methods of attack the security researchers found that the Amazon Cloud service was vulnerable to where signature wrapping and cross site scripting. XML signature wrapping attacks were developed that could completely take over a user account with administrator permissions for the Amazon Cloud accounts. The AWS interface could also be manipulated to run an executable code and create cross-site scripting attacks. The researchers said that they had access to all the customer data, including authentication data, tokens, and passwords (Hickey, 2011). There are many other vulnerabilities for Amazon that may exist but are not known. Intruders (hackers) are a major threat for Amazon as proven from the previously listed examples. When the attack is done by a small group or just one person the threat will fall into the unstructured category (Conklin, White, Williams, Davis, & Cothren, 2012). Threats caused by attacks by hackers that are in a criminal group are known to fall into the structured category (Conklin, White, Williams, Davis, & Cothren, 2012). Physical security is important to remember because if a hacker can get into the internal network and infrastructure, it can be much easier to gain unauthorized access to the network. Information Security risk analysis is used to access the vulnerabilities, threats, and how to set controls for an organization (Whitman, 2011). List of what can be vulnerable: Web Servers, Computer Servers, Routers, Client, Databases, Firewalls, Software, Power, and Transmission. List of threats: Denial of Service Attacks, Spoofing and Masquerading, Malicious Code/Virus, Human Errors, Insider Attacks, Intrusion, Spamming, and Physical Damage to Hardware. List of costs: Trade Secrets, Client Secrets, Trust, Lost Sales, Clean up Costs, Information, Hardware, Software, Services, and Communication. List of controls to be used: Firewalls, IDS, Single Sign-on, DMZ, Security policy, Employee  Training, Configuration of Architecture, and Hardening of Environment. All of these lists can be put into a chart to help form a risk analysis and setup controls to be used for Amazon (Conklin, White, Williams, Davis, & Cothren, 2012). The legal, ethical, and regulatory requirements for protecting data need to be thought about when it comes to Information Security. Statutory laws, administrative laws, and common laws currently exist and are involved in computer security. New cyber laws are being defined by the courts, but none of these laws have been used yet (Conklin, White, Williams, Davis, & Cothren, 2012). In 1986, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) was established to make it a crime to access computer systems when not authorized. Amazon has been around for 17 years and has a good track record for catching security risks and patching them quickly. With the internet continuing to grow at such a rapid pace, Amazon and everyone wanting to maintain their data integrity needs to tight down on their Information Security protocols. Information Security is turning into an important part in protect a business’s information. References Amazon. (2012). Amazon. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com Byers, A. (2006). Jeff Bezos: the founder of Amazon.com. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group. Conklin, A., White, G., Williams, D., Davis, R., & Cothren, C. (2012). Principles of Computer Security: CompTIA Security+ and Beyond (Exam SY0-301) (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Company. Hickey, A. R. (2011, October 28). Researchers Uncover ‘Massive Security Flaws’ In Amazon Cloud. Retrieved from http://www.crn.com/news/cloud/23190911/researchers-unconver-massive-security-flaws-in-amazon-cloud.htm Kerr, D. (2012, August 7). Amazon addresses security exploit after journalist hack. Retrieved from http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-57488759-83/amazon-addresses-security-exploit-after-journalist-hack/ Vilches, J. (2012, January 16). Amazon owned Zappos hacked. Retrieved from http://www.techspot.com/news/47060-amazon-owned-zappos-hacked-24-million-accounts-compromised.html Whitman, M. E. (2011). Readings and Cases in Information Security: Law and Ethics. New York, NY: Cengage Learning.

Child Development and Attachment Theory

In this essay I will critically consider how social workers can use their understanding of Child Development and Attachment Theory in the assessment of children and families. To do this I will first discuss the aims of assessment in order to talk about how Development and Attachment theory can be used by social workers to meet these aims as well as the limitations of these theories. In order to critically discuss the use of Developmental and Attachment Theory in assessment it is first important to understand what assessment is, and what its aims are.The assessment of children and families is nothing new but until the late 1970s it was something that was generally perceived to be a task of when children were taken into care. In 1981 it was recommended that a boarder approach should be used for children who required support but it was not until 1988 that the government produced practice guidance on assessment (Horwath, 2010). The Children Act 1989 gave local authorities the duty of wor king with and supporting carers and families of ‘children in need’ defined under Part III section 17 of the Act.The focus was not just on protecting children from harm, but also promoting their welfare. In 1997 the Labour Government came into power and in 1998 announced the development of a national assessment framework as part of the Governments aim to modernise services and improve outcomes for children (Horwath, 2010). In 2000 The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families was published and emphasised the importance of a systematic and comprehensive assessment of children and their families (Bingley-Miller and Bentovim, 2003).Its is important to note that the framework is not meant to be a checklist but rather a framework that can be used to suit individual circumstances (Gray 2002), the framework is not just for social workers but has been constructed to assist practitioners in all disciplines think about what is happening to a child and the family. The Framework emphasises the importance of children’s development and promoting and safeguarding their welfare by preventing developmental impairment (Rose, 2010).The purpose of the framework is to see both the inner and outer worlds of children and to help the practitioner explore these worlds with the child, families and others involved and come to an agreement about what is happening and what support is needed. The framework has been modelled as a triangle and represents three domains to show the key aspects of the child’s inner and outer world, as shown below the triangle shows the importance of the child’s development needs, parenting capacity and family and environmental factors.

Understanding The Principles Of Developing Postive Relationships With Children, Young People And Adults

Why effective communication is important We are more likely to communicate information to one another if we have positive relationships. Parents and other adults who come into the school are more likely to give beneficial support if communication is strong and effective – this, in turn, benefits pupils. It is also important for pupils that we model effective communication skills. This means checking what we are saying sometimes in moments of stress or excitement, so that they can understand what our expectations are in school.If we ask pupils to behave in a particular way when communicating and then forget to do so ourselves, they will find it harder to understand the boundaries of what is acceptable. Effective communication and positive relationships do not happen by chance. You should think about the way you relate to others and the messages that this sends out. In situations where communication breaks down, misunderstandings can lead to bad feeling.1. 1:2 The principles of relationship buildingThe principles of relationship building with children  and adults in any context are that if others are comfortable in our company, they will be more likely to communicate effectively. Where people do not get along or are suspicious of one another, they are likely to avoid one another wherever possible. Positive relationships are not something which should be left_ to chance and it is important to consider the ways in which we can develop them. We build relationships with others in school on a daily basis in a number of different ways.Although you may do some of these without necessarily thinking  about it, it is worth taking time to consider whether you do all of the following? Effective communication – this is the key area for developing relationships with others and also covers many different forms of communication (see below)? Showing respect – in order to develop positive relationships with others, it is very important to be courteous and respectful, and to listen to their points of view. Adults and pupils with whom you work may also be from different cultures and have different beliefs or values from your own.You  should ensure that you acknowledge and respect the views of others at all times and take time to remember names and preferred forms of address? Being considerate – take the time to consider the positions of others. You may be working with a child or adult who is under particular pressure at a given time and need to understand why they may have behaved or reacted in a certain way or out of character?Remembering issues which are personal to them – it will always help to build positive relationships if you enquire a_er particular aspects  of another person’s life – for example, if you know that a colleague is concerned about their child getting into a particular secondary school, or if you are aware that it is a child’s birthday? Taking time to listen to others – make sure that you take time to listen to other people, in particular if they are asking for advice or help, or if they need to confide in you. You should always show that you are interested in what they have to say and respond appropriately?Being clear on key points – when you have conversations with others in which you are giving  them information, you should always ensure that they are clear what you have said at the end of the discussion. This is because it can be easy to be distracted from the main point of the conversation. When talking to children, always ask them to repeat back to you what they need to do? Maintaining a sense of humour – although the nature of our work in school is important, we should also sometimes take time to see the funny side of different situations. Laughter can be a good icebreaker and is also a great way of relaxing and relieving stress.

Migration, Immigration and Their Effects on Religion, Women And Essay

Migration, Immigration and Their Effects on Religion, Women And Minorities in Germany - Essay Example A country like the United States is considered to be a â€Å"melting pot† of different cultures and ethnic minorities. The same can also be said with the European Union with its free movement of labor. Higher wages attract workers, especially women to migrate with the idea of having a better and improved welfare. This paper aims to examine the effects of migration on women, religion and ethnic minorities. In this case, Germany shall be examined due to its immigration and refugee policy. It is also considered to have the largest foreign population in Europe. In fact, Germany’s foreign population has already exceeded seven million people for each of the last 10 years, not counting those migrants who have acquired German citizenship (Oezcan, 2004). Clearly, these factors pose challenges to the Germany and the European Union. Migration in Germany In European history, Germany was identified to have a long history of absorbing migrants from Europe: Lutherans from Austria, Huguenots from France, Jews from East and Central Europe. However, this openness through the years sparked debates and inquiries. Nationalists espoused a particularist approach to such issues which stressed on blood rather than territory or birth right. Those that migrated to Germany were never identified to be Germans. Such an approach was very much seen in Hitler's regime wherein Jews were considered to be a lesser race compared to full-blooded Germans. The particularist approach in Germany history was subdued by the need for economic recovery especially after World War II and German Unification. By the end of the late 1980s, foreigners were increasingly being blamed for taking jobs, housing and public services away from German citizens (Hollifield, 1997:48). There was a need to rebuild Germany after the damages it suffered after the war. With a relatively low population and workforce, it needed foreigners to work and rebuild infrastructures. Nonetheless, this was not seen by German citizens who were easily displaced and unable to receive benefits from the state. The Effects on Women, Religion and Ethnic Minorities In 2000, a new citizenship law came into force, the first such measure in nearly 90 years. For the very first time, children born to foreigners in Germany automatically receive German citizenship, provided one parent has been a legal resident for at least eight years (Oezcan, 2004). The demography and ethnic makeup of Germany has clearly become diversified. Data in 2000 shows that 41,300 children born of parents with non-Germany citizenship became German by birth; in 2001 the figure was 38,600. Without the new rule, these children would have appeared among the statistics on the foreign population and therefore would have increased the number of foreigners by about 80,000. With the continuous entry of temporary workers, refugees, asylum seekers from countries such as Poland, Russia, Czech Republic and Turkey, the society of Germany is bound to be characterized by diversity and dynamicity. For instance, the inflow of different culture greatly affects religion. If one would examine the history of Germany, it has been the refuge for exiled religious groups. Previously it was a Catholic country but with the rise of Protestantism and its variants, the German princes changed their alliance. Currently, the country still serves as a hodgepodge for different religions such Roman Catholic, Lutheran Protestantism, Orthodox Christianity. Immigration to Germany in past decades has seen the arrival of more foreign citizens and more religious communities. At the end of 2001, there

McDonald's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McDonald's - Essay Example Ray Kroc saw early on what needed to be done. He changed what was at one time a product orientation, into a marketing orientation. Back in 1955, this was still a new type of management.( Kroc 185-217) From the beginning, Kroc was already in the forefront of marketing. Ray Kroc founded the McDonald's way back in 1954 that worked as a single restaurant till 1955 but soon Kroc thought upon the idea of franchise-system. By 1974 the Brand Mac has already become a name to reckon with from its first Woodwich High Street in South London. Each succeeding generation since then saw the McDonald's hype increase and permeate almost every body's life in a few decades. For such a great hype however the McDonald's cannot be held the sole responsible. The people enjoyed the freedom that the Mac provided with-a release from sheer labour of preparing the foods three-times a day. If the Mac rationalized the trend of serving, the people welcomed with even greater response. McDonald's uses a theory referred to as relationship marketing. Relationship marketing is defined as marketing to protect the customer base. The customer is viewed as an asset and the company's marketing goal is to attract, maintain, and enhance customer relationships. McDonald is facing a major attack on its brand from anti-globalisation and other pressure such as, United Poultry Concerns- (www.upc-online.org). They are going after McDonald's because they think it has deep pockets. So far the company has been able to use finical marshal to fend off attack. The litigation cases in the United States against McDonald so far has been settled out of courts and the courts have thrown out most of them. Kids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents' buying decisions and they're the adult consumers of the future. With this in mind, McDonald, like many other manufacturers are using various marketing and communications strategies to encourage children and adults to buy their products. The McDonald's new mantra, other than the diet is 'Go Active', 'Eat Smart' and 'Be Active'. Now Dr. Cathy Kapica and Anita Bean are more concentrating on the Happy Meal with emphasis on to keep the customers healthier, free from risks of weight gaining. McDonald's is now an organization by itself. It is 'the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world' ( Greider 13-88). It's affected all walks of life-education, work, travel, the family and every other sector. In trying to connect the brand with the consumer, McDonald has teamed up with pop star Justin Timberlake to shed 'new breath of young and coolness t' to the brand. As part of McDonald's multi-dimensional global relationship with superstar Justin Timberlake, the company announced today its sponsorship of the "McDonald's Presents Justin Timberlake lovin' it live" concert tours. McDonalds implemented the latest technology into it's business to gain more market share. McDonald's implemented a new computerized logistic system which makes it possible to transport materials, components and products with far greater speed and at much lower cost as a result of developments in road, rail, sea and air transport. These improvements in transport have also increased the amount of new subsidiaries opened